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Treaties & Tradeoffs

History's big decisions, replayed without hindsight.

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Logistics & Economics

How armies were fed and how goods moved by road, rail and air, from Roman grain to the Berlin Airlift, with every quantity and price tied to a named source.

4 replays on file; the lead file comes first, the rest newest first.

Marco Dente's engraving of Roman soldiers with shields, helmets and standards, one topped by an eagle, gathered beside trees.

Logistics & EconomicsLogistics arithmetic

Roman Legion: Polybius's Wheat Ration, Converted to Tonnes

By our conversion of Polybius's ration, a Roman legion's 4,200 foot soldiers needed about 3.5 to 3.9 tonnes of wheat a day, before cavalry and pack animals.

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Image credit

"A Roman Legion" by Marco Dente — https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marco_Dente,_A_Roman_Legion,_1515-1527,_NGA_150374.jpg — CC0 1.0 (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/)

US Navy R4D and Air Force C-47 transports in a line at Tempelhof, with trucks backed up to their doors unloading crates.

Logistics & EconomicsLogistics arithmetic

Berlin Airlift: About Two-Thirds Coal, by Air Force Count

By a 1949 US Air Force summary, the Berlin Airlift flew about 2.3 million tons into Berlin; about two-thirds was coal and about 20 to 23 percent food.

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Image credit

"C-47s at Tempelhof Airport Berlin 1948" by U.S. Air Force — https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:C-47s_at_Tempelhof_Airport_Berlin_1948.jpg — Public domain (U.S. federal government work, 17 U.S.C. §105; U.S. Air Force photograph, National Museum of the U.S. Air Force 050426-F-1234P-008; National Museum of Naval Aviation 2000.043.012)

Andrew J. Russell's photograph at Promontory, 1869: two locomotives face each other while crowds of men stand and climb on them beside the joined track.

Logistics & EconomicsLogistics arithmetic

Transcontinental Railroad: US Bonds Lent by the Mile, 1862

The 1862 Pacific Railroad act lent 16 US bonds of $1,000 a mile, treble that for 300 mountain miles and double between them. Our conversion: $16,000 to $48,000.

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Image credit

"East and West shaking hands at the laying of the last rail" by Andrew J. Russell — https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:East_and_West_Shaking_hands_at_the_laying_of_last_rail_Union_Pacific_Railroad.jpg — Public domain (Andrew J. Russell d. 1902; US: published before 1931 (file page tag); EU: author died more than 70 years ago; Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library)

Illustration: a cut-paper camel train crossing a desert in short stages, handing its cloth bales on at piles left on the ground. Illustration

Logistics & EconomicsLogistics arithmetic

Silk Road: Richthofen Wrote of Silk Roads by 1877, Plural

Richthofen wrote of Seidenstrassen, silk roads, on pp. 496–507 of his 1877 China; his map of the trade covers 128 BC–AD 150. Plus distances between six places.

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Image credit

Illustration: Treaties & Tradeoffs. Generated schematic image — not a photograph or historical record. © Treaties & Tradeoffs, all rights reserved.